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The 2 leading causes of TBI overall are falls and motor vehicle accidents.

There is another peak in incidence in the elderly (>65 y). 2 The highest rates of TBI tend to be in a very young age-group (0–4 y) as well as in adolescents and young adults (15–24 y).

We should also acknowledge that there is a certain percentage of TBIs that never reach medical care, hence, the overall rates for TBIs are likely underreported. 1 However, taken individually, the number of deaths related to TBIs has decreased over this same period of time likely secondary in part to increased awareness, structuralizing management and guidelines, and significant technological advancements in current treatment regimens. According to the Centers for Disease Control, the total combined rates for TBI-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths have increased in the decade 2001–2010. TBI continues to plague millions of individuals around the world on an annual basis. We have also discussed the future direction for developing TBI treatment from an experimental perspective.Įpidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) We have overviewed the main achievements in searching for therapeutic strategies of TBI in basic science. We have put forth a brief overview of the various subtypes of traumatic injuries, optimal medical management, and both the noninvasive and invasive monitoring modalities, in addition to the surgical interventions necessary in particular instances. In this review article, we have summarized the current status of treatment for TBI in both clinical practice and basic research.

Guidelines have been set forth regarding the optimal management of TBI, but they must be taken in context of the situation and cannot be used in every individual circumstance. Treatment modalities vary extensively based on the severity of the injury and range from daily cognitive therapy sessions to radical surgery such as bilateral decompressive craniectomies. In the most severe form of TBI, the entirety of the brain is affected by a diffuse type of injury and swelling. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents in various forms ranging from mild alterations of consciousness to an unrelenting comatose state and death.